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Adaptive Robotics & Technology Lab

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Texas A&M University College of Engineering

Low-Cost, Compact Mobile Robot for Autonomous Soil Monitoring in Crop Fields

Shrikrishna Gad, Muthukumar Bagavathiannan, Mahendra Bhandari, John Cason, Robert Hardin, Juan Landivar, Kiju Lee

2025 22nd International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots (UR)

June 30, 2025

This paper presents the development and evaluation of a mobile robotic platform for autonomous crop field scouting and soil sensing. The system combines a durable commercial chassis kit with custom 3D-printed casings, enabling reliable operation across diverse outdoor field environments. The robot features encoder-controlled motors and a swivelmounted front frame, allowing versatile and agile navigation through narrow crop rows and uneven terrain, as demonstrated in field trials conducted in cotton and peanut fields. A soil sensing mechanism, driven by a 360° servo motor and employing a linear gear-and-rack mechanism, enables consistent soil penetration. Integrated with a low-cost 7 -in-1 soil sensor, the platform provides real-time mapping of key soil parame-ters-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, and moisture-to support data-driven farm management decisions. Preliminary experiments evaluated the robot’s field navigation and soil sensing performance. Results demonstrate the potential of the platform for low-cost, mobile soil sensing, while also highlighting limitations in the current sensor’s accuracy.

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